Why the compromises from 1846~1861 failed to prevent the Civil War free essay sample

The compromises from 1846 to 1861 were, by their intentions, to postpone the struggle between the north and the south temporarily but not to solve it. The foundational problems, like the the slavery itself, the differences in social structure and economic system and the expansion of slavery, were left. The increasing struggle between the abolitionists and slave owners and between the newly formed Republican Party and the Democratic Party kept putting those questions in front of the US people. The compromises themselves failed to satisfy the wants of both sides, enraged the north and frightened the south, so up to the election of Lincoln, the tension built up to a climax and finally broke out to become a civil war. A major difference between the north and the south was the legality of slavery, according to compromise of 1820 the line of 3630 north divided this country into two parts, the southern parts contained with a large amount of plantations and slave owners. In the north the increasingly flourished international trades, the developing industrialization and the urbanization pushed the process to form the market economy, but in the west, because of the allowance of slaves, most economic activities were labor intensive as well as based on agriculture, which limited the development in industries and urban areas. Up to 1860 only New Orleans could be counted as a city with 168 thousands of people in the south. Although the south produced nearly 3/4 of the worlds cotton production, the industrial products were only 10% for the whole US. Slavery, as the foundation of southern economy, further influenced the opinions about race, the politics and the laws, while the north, mostly seen the south as behindhand and as a barrier of the advancement of US economy. One of the influences was about social structure, in the south the idea of patriarchy was dominant, and as the fact that the big slave owners gained social statue and political careers at the same moment, the south was like a nobility society and slavery is their footstone of the cotton kingdom. The differences, started initially with the slavery, were finally spread to all the areas that created a huge gap between the north and the south, they were very hard to understand each other because, for an example, the north saw the southern plantation owners as violators of freedom, but the south saw the northern workers as slaves of market. A compromise could never really worked when the two sides failed to understand each other. Politically, an important question was to maintain the balance in the senate, according to the Constitution, the number of senators was depended on the population of states, so the north were trying to have more free states, like the Wilmot Proviso did, but the south were dreaming to spread slavery to more states, like the decision of popular sovereignty. The south used to be dominant in USs political history but the active movements of northern parties like Free Soil, Know Nothing and the Whig, which eventually formed the Republican Party, supported the free labor which seemed had controversy with the idea of slavery. Although the Republicans could not necessarily be abolitionists, for a balance in power ( which could be seen as a kind of compromise) or for the idea of free labor, they would put effort to stop the expansion of slavery, and whatever their attitude was, the divide was existed and threatened the whole United States. The compromises could worked politically, but to control public opinion was also very important. After the Second Great Awakening the idea of Abolitionists had risen that the problem of slavery, that it must be solved or erased from the US. Theyve tried to ship some freed slaves back to Africa but later, by the efforts of black people, these movements tended to be acknowledging the citizenships of blacks and the equality within all Americans. Some secret societies had created to help the slaves escape from the south, like the Underground Railroad which help more than 6000 slaves to escape. The slave owners protected their property by the Fugitive Slave Laws, like the one in the Compromise of 1850, with the swear of any white people, a black could be counted as a fugitive slave and be sent back to the south. The books and newspapers further pushed these struggles, like the Uncle Toms Cabin. the Liberator and An Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World, rises the sympathy in the north to the slaves and increasingly frightened the south. The popular sovereignty used in New Mexico territories, the compromise of 1850 and the Kansas and Nebraska Acts were Victories of the south politically, however these acts were still seemed as compromises because both the north and the south were dissatisfied with these acts, that they could only be compromises but not victories. For the south the expansion of slavery was needed because the slavery was the foundation of southern society and economy, they had enjoyed less benefits from the fast developing northern industrial economy, if, without more lands and slaves moving to the new land, the expansion of production could not be achieved while their way of living could be challenged. For the northerners the process of industrial revolution went slowly in the south and with slavery the free labor could never come true. The Bleeding Kansas, Dred Scott Affair and John Brown created a sense that the movement of northern abolitionists had come to a climax, while the south itself, during the National Convention of Democratic Party, divided into two groups that one supported Douglas and popular sovereignty and the other supported John C. Breckenridge and the slavery. The conflict was now not just between the south and the north but also in both sides themselves. While the election of Lincoln created such atmosphere in the south that in the future 4 years the power of Republican Party and as well as the influence of the north would overwhelm the south by expanding their influences in the south, that, the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions and Article of Confederation gave the south an excuse that they could leave the union without changing the southern way of living. The compromises from 1846 to 1861 failed to reduce the tension because the inner differences within the north and the south, the contradiction of expansion of slavery or market economy and the moral concerns that could not only solved by political methods, together with the division of the parties and their failed efforts towards compromises. The bloody incidents, prints and public debates heated the situation and acted like catalysts. Since the opposition was seemed impossible to solve, that both sides dissatisfaction increased over time and all the efforts towards compromises were finally given up.

Thesis Ethernet and Network Essay

Thesis Ethernet and Network Essay Thesis: Ethernet and Network Essay EVOLUTION OF CAT WIRING CAT-3 Wiring: The original CAT-3 wiring was popular in the early years of the ‘90s. This wiring was unshielded and was utilized in many computer networks, until it was replaced by the similar, but higher-quality CAT-5. CAT-3 had the capacity of carrying data at speeds up to 10MB/sec at a bandwidth of up to 16MHz. CAT-4 Wiring: This wiring never gained much popularity due to the fact that it was quickly unseated by CAT-5, shortly after it was introduced to the market. This wiring had the capacity to transfer data at 16MB/sec at a bandwidth of up to 20MHz. CAT-5 Wiring: This type of wiring was very popular throughout the ‘90s, once when it replaced CAT-3 and CAT-4. Its ability to carry audio and video data made it ideal for computer networks and use in Ethernet cable applications. CAT-5 wiring has the capacity to relay information at speeds of up to 1GB/sec, at bandwidth frequencies of up to 100MHz. CAT-5e Wiring: CAT-5e wiring is an enhanced version of CAT-5 wiring in that it has the same data rate (1GB/sec) and bandwidth frequencies (100MHz), except CAT-5e allows for data to be relayed at distances of up to 1,000 meters. Standard CAT-5 wiring only allows for signal relays up to 100 meters, without the use of devices such as connectors or repeaters, to allow for additional distance. CAT-6 Wiring: CAT-6 wiring was a revolutionary step towards complete cable functionality, with data rates of 10GB/sec at frequencies of up to 250MHz; however, the original CAT-6 is only capable of supporting these requirements over distances of 37 meters or less before it is exposed to alien cross talk. CAT-6a Wiring: CAT-6a is able to support 10GB/s data rates, at a distance of 100 meters. That’s nearly three times the distance of standard CAT-6 cable. Also, CAT-6a cable raised the bar for operating frequency range, allowing for function at bandwidths up to 500MHz. CAT-7 Wiring: CAT-7 cable has provided a more reliable solution to 10GB/sec data rates over 100 meter distances at frequencies up to 600MHz. CAT-7 wire is the closest replacement to fiber optic cable, as far as efficiency goes; however, singlemode fiber optic cable signals have the ability to relay signals across miles and miles, without the use of repeaters. Vocabulary Term | Definition | 1000Base | Ethernet cable with a bandwidth of 1,000 Mbps. Also known as gigabit cable. | 100Base | Ethernet cable with a bandwidth of 100 Mbps. Also known as fast Ethernet cable. | 10Base | Ethernet cable with a bandwidth of 10 Mbps. | Adapter | A part that allows a device to be electrically or physically connected to another device. Network interface cards can be used as adaptors for network cables. | Antenna | An apparatus for sending and receiving radio signals. Wireless routers have an antenna instead of cable. | Backbone | The main line of a communications network that supports all the data being transmitted. | Bandwidth | The amount of information or data that can be sent over a communications channel in a given period of time. The higher a channel's bandwidth, the more information it can carry. | Boundary | The separation point between network segments. Boundaries are usually set by devices that control the data, such as routers and gateways. | Bridge | A hardware device that connect two networks and breaks the segments of one network into smaller groups. Bridges filter incoming traffic and decide whether to forward or discard it. | Bus | A network configuration in which all the nodes are connected to a common line with two endpoints. Bus topology is easy to connect and does not require a lot of cable. | Carrier Sense | The ability of a network device to "listen" to the network to determine if any other devices are trying to transmit data. | Carrier Sensing Multiple Access With Collision Detection | An Ethernet communication protocol in which devices check the network to see if it is clear before transmitting data. | Coaxial Cable |

3 Ways to Avoid Confusing Your Readers

3 Ways to Avoid Confusing Your Readers 3 Ways to Avoid Confusing Your Readers 3 Ways to Avoid Confusing Your Readers By Mark Nichol Word choice, insertion or omission of punctuation, and syntax (arrangement of words and phrases) all affect comprehension. In each of the following sentences, one of these components of sentence construction is the source of ambiguity or confusion. Discussion of each example follows, along with a revision. 1. Our organization has sponsored AIDS/HIV walks across the country. Across is often used as a synonym for throughout, but here, it prompts the unfortunate misapprehension that the walks are transcontinental in scope. In this case, throughout is a better choice: â€Å"Our organization has sponsored AIDS/HIV walks throughout the country.† Take-away: Remain vigilant about ambiguous wording. 2. These results are not surprising because cyber risks have evolved into a moving target. This sentence, as written, suggests that the reader, after learning from the second half of the sentence what is not the reason the results are surprising, will read in a subsequent sentence the reason they are. But â€Å"cyber risks have evolved into a moving target† is the reason the results are not surprising, which is made clear simply by applying a brief pause to the sentence in the form of a comma preceding the explanation, which renders the explanation a subordinate clause set off from the premise of the sentence (â€Å"The results are not surprising†): â€Å"These results are not surprising, because cyber risks have evolved into a moving target.† Better yet, begin the sentence with the explanation, still in the form of a subordinate clause: â€Å"Because cyber risks have evolved into a moving target, these results are not surprising.† Take-away: When a negative statement is followed by an explanation, separate the explanation, a subordinate clause, from the main clause. (A positive statement generally needs no such punctuation, though exceptions exist.) 3. By taking a risk-based approach, such changes can be tailored to fit the company’s specific risk posture. All too often, writers mistakenly craft sentences in which subordinate clauses placed as introductory phrases are assumed to pertain to the subject of the main clauses when the two elements are only tangentially related. Here, changes are mistakenly said to take a risk-based approach, but an unnamed actor must be persuaded to do so. In most cases, simply revise the subject so that it logically follows the subordinate clause: â€Å"By taking a risk-based approach, one can tailor such changes to fit the company’s specific risk posture.† Take-away: Be alert to dangling participles. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Writing Basics category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Fly, Flew, (has) FlownFlied?50 Latin Phrases You Should Know20 Classic Novels You Can Read in One Sitting

Rent Policy in the UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Rent Policy in the UK - Essay Example Each individual Rent Policy today has its guidelines from the legal Restructuring framework. It will be the basis of this essay. The Tenant Service authority(TSA) was created in 2008 as an independent body to work with social housing providers to give structure, legal verification and guidance in the day to day running of their properties including almos. (Housing and Regeneration Act 2008). The TSA replaced the regulatory functions of the Housing Corporation. The Homes and Communities Agency (HCA) took over the investment functions and delivery activities of Communities and Local Governments. These two authorities cover all types of tenants in the United Kingdom. The Town and Country housing Rent Policy was chosen arbitrarily(T&CHG 2010) The TSA requires that 3 criteria be met . (TSA, 2010) "All Rent Policies must explicitly state their objectives in order to comply with the Housing Corporation's Rent Restructuring framework of 2002 . The Rent Policy shows that the rents are accessi ble to all. the rent increases are in alignment with current legislation. The association is a viable entity, earning enough revenues to maintain the property standards". Town and Country have several types of housing: social housing, shared ownership, market rent and intermediate rented stock. The Housing Corporation Rent Restructuring framework of 2002 and modified in 2009 is applied to social housing in its policy though other types of housing are also dealt with in this policy. "A person must have the choice of what type of place he can afford to have. Price should not be a determinant facture in deciding where he lives but it should determine what size of property he chooses" (Wilson, 2010) Government decision making at the local level has become less appreciated in the last few years. Associations have lost the power manage their own estates because the accountability and local decision making have become the responsibility of the government Target Rent Schemes have put people in a situation where it is no longer economically beneficial to go out and get a job. Needs have changed. Population sources are different. Social demands are no longer what they were 10 years ago Establishing the rent target calculations of 2002 did not take into consideration any of the social or financial factures of the last 10 years. Financial viability is difficult to achieve when household rents rather than property rents are used to subsidize the upkeep of estates. Rent are no longer linked to free market value. If it determined by the physical value, size and manual employment of the tenant (Wilson 2002, 3) and there is high unemployment in the area, the estates can no longer be viable. In 2009, bedroom weighting factor was added trying to add more value to property values. Manual labour was change to general employment. There were still too many variations. The 10 year plan has been met in the majority of areas other than London. The Governmental controls over Social Hous ing does not give enough control to the local councils as it was before 2002. This has been slowly changing since 2009. Public and government subsidised landlords must be able to have a combined free market of rent pricing. There is a chronic need of affordable housing. Millions of properties in the private sector are priced too high to rent and to buy. There are a million empty homes

State your side of the issues on, wheater stricter gun control laws Research Paper

State your side of the issues on, wheater stricter gun control laws reduce crime rates or does it increase the crime rates in texas - Research Paper Example The idea of gun control in the State of Texas is absurd for all reasons already mentioned in addition to the independent nature of the culture in Texas. Much the same as in other states, guns are a tradition passed from father to son, a way of life. Even if some types of guns were outlawed, the logistical problem and practicality of collecting them would also be absurd. According to the Second Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, â€Å"A well-regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a Free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed† (â€Å"The Constitution†, 2006). This, as were the entire Bill of rights, was added by the founders of the country so as to provide a clearer definition of the specific rights granted to all Americans. Gun control supporters consider the Second Amendment to be â€Å"obsolete; or is intended solely to guard against suppression of state militias by the central government and therefore restricted in scope by that intent; or does not guarantee a right that is absolute, but one that can be limited by reasonable requirements† (Krouse, 2002). However, they only question the need for people to own firearms that are not primarily designed for sporting purposes such as hunting. Clearly, the right to own guns was of utmost importance to the Founding fathers given that it was listed second, after the freedom of speech and religion was acknowledged in the First Amendment. The Founders recognized that by ensuring the right to own arms, the public would have the ability to defend themselves from that which may jeopardize their life, liberty or pursuit of happiness. This could include physical protection from animals and persons and or from an tyrannical government that endangered the freedoms outlined in the Constitution. â€Å"The Second Amendment reflects the founders’ belief that an armed citizenry, called the ‘general militia’ was a necessary precaution against

Nature And Benefits Of Collaboration

Nature And Benefits Of Collaboration The exact translation of word collaboration from Latin is together in labour. In dictionary, collaboration is defined as work with another or others on a project. However, Henneman et al (1995) stated that defining collaboration in practice is complex, vague, variable and difficult phenomenon where the term can be used inappropriately. According to Baggs and Schmitt (1988), collaboration in nursing and medicine are nurses and physicians working together cooperatively, solving problems by sharing responsibility and making decisions to carry out patient care and treatment. However, this definition was limited due to its meaning because this does not involve the significant contribution of other health care professionals. Professional Partnership In an environment constantly demanding adaptability, cost-effectiveness, and quality betterment, inter-professional collaboration assures re-examination because maximizing nurse-physician collaboration improves patient care and creates gratifying work roles. From personal experience as a sister in Cardiac Surgery Intensive Care Unit, patients require Level 3 care. Patients are mechanically ventilated and sedated on their admission. Most of the patients get extubated and transfer to ward within 48-72 hours but some stay back due to post- operative complications. Patient needs multidisciplinary team (MDT) approach and care during their recovery including Surgeon, anesthetist, Physicians, respiratory technicians, nurses, physiotherapist, dietician, occupational therapist (OT), Pharmacist, and speech and language therapist. As there are complications involved in a patients treatment and care, collaboration among MDT in the clinical practice area is very essential. Multidisciplinary team actually formed in 1950s and 1960s in order to meet the changes that occurring in the medicine there for able to meet patients social, psychological, rehabilitation and environmental needs (Brown 1982). Atwal and Caldwell (2002) conducted a large research study to evaluate how to improve Inter-professional collaboration through multidisciplinary integrated pathway (ICP). But this study found ICP did not improve MDT collaboration, however, this helped to improve the documentation. Another study conducted by Atwal and Caldwell (2006) found that there have been various argument regarding MDT existing in the surrounding however nurses described MDT as a complete myth or idealistic. According to Baggs and Schmitt (1988) collaboration here includes sharing of planning, decision making, problem solving, setting objectives taking responsibility, working co-operatively, communicating and more over coordinating each other. Nature and Benefits of Collaboration Collaboration has several dimensions. It can happen in both face-to-face appointments and via computerized communications such as voice mail and e-mail. It mainly encompasses swapping of outlooks and concepts that contemplates the viewpoints of all the collaborators. The term collaboration should not be misunderstood. Successful professional collaborative correlations require mutual respect and esteem. They also need trust and persistence. It parallely agrees with patient care quality. Collaboration between physicians and nurses is fruitful when role for patient well-being is divided and allocated. Professionalism is fortified when all members take admiration for successful collaboration which in-turn leads to high-quality patient care. Alas, the contribution of nursing towards the boundary limit is often not naive to spot out. Doctors have usually been sighted as the essential income generators for hospitals. Nevertheless, nurses are also significant makers of earnings. The variance in income and gender lead to consequences between the power balance of nurses and medical doctors. (Fagin,1992). The remainder of this assignment focuses on categories of collaborative strategies, namely self-development, team-development, and communication-development strategies, which can intensify nurse-physician collaboration and associated positive patient and nurse outcomes.(refer) Self-Development Strategies A quota of discrete attributes sways the extent of co-operation between professionals in hospitals. Improving emotional maturity, apprehension of the outlooks of others, and evading sympathy fatigue are self-development behaviors that can increase interdisciplinary collaboration. Team-Development Strategies The one of the recent established organizational concepts is the Team development. Collaboration is vital for team growth and success; and advancing positive execution. Team development includes the following tasks: group formation, respectful arrangememts, dispute control, curtail of negative behaviours, and workplace outline to accelerate collaboration.(refer) Communication-Development Strategies A number of nurses and doctors have been tutored how to contact patients in complicated conditions where bad news has to be conveyed or difficult decisions must be formulated. (Quill and Townsend,1991). The strategies include to communicate effectively in emergencies and via electronically. Physicians and nurses fortified their communication skills in these circumstances. Therapeutic Communities Therapeutic community in UK is portrayed as bijou groups where decisions and options are framed involving the patient based on the views of shared duties, authority and evading reliance on professionals. Formidable leadership is needed to have a secured therapeutic community. In UK, this prototype is instigated within prison service. In USA, therapeutic community is used to depict user-runner cliques with a ranking framework and remuneration. Key issues of collaborative partnership The main issues underlying collaborative partnership between physicians and nurses when the attributes of partnership gives out negative impacts such as problems arising between trust in partners, respect for partners, joint working, teamwork and not trying to eliminate boundaries. The studies show that there are certain negative and supervisoral physician behaviour patterns and the nurses find it difficult to cope up with when they are in a partnership. Research have indicated that if nurse-physician co-operation is successful, it do intensify quality of care, ameliorate correspondence and organization of care, decrease patient morbidity and mortality, heighten patient contentment, and increase job satisfaction and retention. The issues underlying in a nurse-physician relationship were dissimilar and hierarchical in ranking, with physicians with an attitude as superiors and nurses as lower ranking subordinates. Nurses have to make counsels in a way that made their proposals appear t o be initiated by the physicians. Nonetheless, nurses were taught that they are professionals and their bond between doctors is as a colleague, not submissive. Regrettably, the viewpoints of some physicians have been insensitive to change and some still view conveying out their command as the nurses foremost duty. However, the correlation between doctors and nurses in hospitals has never been a balanced one. The main differences in this partnership is contrasting levels of prestige and ranking, and distinct sides of the gender gap. The substantial differences between the two professions were on gratification with inter-departmental co-ordination, and doctors are more applauded for the work done and they take more credit; and nurses have more positive attitude towards patients than the doctors. For instance, a physician was more probably to prioritize on lab results and what measures to undertake, hardly recognizing the significance of the information contributed by nurses verbally. Because nursing and medicine demons trate two different intellectuals with differing practice perspectives, disputes can be reckoned between them. The professional fraternization of doctors stresses cure related activities and that of nursing stresses care related behaviours. The last and the most important issue is lack of communication because it causes the safety of patients to be at a risky level due to lack of censorious data, misconceiving information, vague orders over the telephone, and fail to spot noticing changes in status. These issues have the possibilities which lead to grave damage or unpredicted death of patients. Effective clinical practice must emphasize not only on technological framework problems, but also on the human factor. By tackling these issues, health care consortiums have a chance to enhance their clinical results. Critical Analysis of the collaborative partnership with the importance of individual professions The critical analysis has been done and studied from the personal experience as a sister in Cardiac Intensive Unit. In the unit after the common hand over, sister-in-charge assign the patient and staff will take individual hand-over from the previous staff. Then ward-rounds are carried out by Anesthetic consultant, Surgical and anesthetist registrar along with nurse-in- charge. Then, decisions are made regarding patient management, discharge and transfer outs. Anesthetist gets irritated with registrar and nurses when adequate information was not given. As a unit team leader, main responsibility is to pass correct information to the doctors also involve the patient while discussing their treatment and care if they are awake. Patient recovery and condition are normally discussed during hand-over and bedside nurse opinion has been taken into account while making decision. Patients are not being involved while discussing about their condition. Atwal and Caldwell (2006) commented about three types of team working in clinical practice. The first model excluding patient from all team meeting, the second model, consultant performing bedside round, discussing patient condition and asking how they are feeling? Third one including patient in the team meeting. In 2008, part of Essence of care I have undertaken a patient satisfaction survey in my unit. The main suggestion patients given through this audit was that, they have not been involved whilst discussing about their treatment and recovery. They also commented Doctors and nurses stand at the end of the bed and talk, cannot listen what they are talking about, we are worried. The things are changed now most of the doctors introduce self to the patient, discuss ab out their treatment, listen to them and explain whats happening with them. As a team leader in critical care, the responsibility as a sister is to delegate tasks effectively, prioritizing aspects of care, ensure team members are comfortable with the allocation, encourage team members and listening to them. It is important to know the patients entire clinical condition prior to the shift so that nurses can delegate the patients effectively to team members. At times, effective delegation is not possible due to staff shortage and skill mix. In such situation, sister-in-charge works along with them, as junior staffs are always hesitant to speak up because of fear, retaliation or lack of confidentiality. Disagreements are common in decision making regarding patient management and treatment by surgical team and anesthetist in the unit. However, final decision has been taken by Consultant anesthetist since they have more power in the unit. Inter-professional working clearly recommends making considerable changes to this kind of practice by the power and status. Conflicts do occur sometimes between physiotherapist and nurses regarding time arrangement for mobilizing long term sick patient. Physiotherapists are coming to mobilize the patient but the staff may not be ready for that time due to their various role and responsibilities. When the staff disagrees with time they suggest them to do their own they may not be able to help later. This is due to the lack of understanding about each others role. Pritchard (1981) notes that, lack of awareness of roles leads to develop stereotypical attitudes within a MDT. One study conducted by Dally and Sim (2001) found that the physiotherapist doesn t understand the external pressure that nurses facing and the lack of awareness of their professional autonomy and decision making in rehabilitation. Nurses reported that, they often try to minimize conflicts but not always able to resolve disagreement in their satisfaction level as conflict is the one of the main barrier for collaboration (Allen 1997 and Thomas et al 2003). Lack of understanding on each others role and responsibilities are one of the main barriers in collaborative practice between the nurse and other medical practitioners. In order to have mutual respect and value to other professionals need achieving professional competence in your practice area (Bradford 1989 and Stichler 1995). Inter-professional education helps to develop role awareness, effective communication, mutual trust and respect (Barr et al and Freeth 2001). In critical care, teamwork between MDT is very essential saying that Department Of Health in their NHS plan (2000) introduced the importance of implementing individual professional role in the team. There is remarkable evidence showing that, the team without an undefined role is an unsuccessful team. Every individual should be confident in their own professional role. They should also able to carry out their responsibility, exchange and receive information using their skills, knowledge and effective communication. DAmour and Oandasan (2005) stated that acquiring professional satisfaction is the most individual professional outcome. One of the main concerns in the health care system is that, not meeting the health needs (WHO 2002) of the older, sick and vulnerable people despite increasing the expenditure as nurses drive towards evidence-based practice, cost effective with increasing responsibility. Nurses are able to provide only what demanded of them than providing care (Litchfield 2002). Nurse should be able to make clinical judgment and decision making according to the situation for that critical thinking and education is important. It is essential to have staff development which helps providing up to date information, evidence-based practice research knowledge etc. Since NHS is under the cost cutting they are unable to provide enough funding for their own professionals for the development. Each member of the team contributes their knowledge, skills and experience to improve the patient care, so a therapeutic synergy is possible while working with other health care professions. Summary and Conclusion This report illustrates a fundamental model to document an effective collaborative practice. The core model is based on a framework or structure that consists of seven essential elements.: responsibility and accountability, co-ordination, communication, co-operation, autonomy, mutual trust and respect. The model includes a process for identifying the roles and functions of the nurses and physicians. The partnership between nurses and physicians is being studied using theoretical perspectives: team-working, partnership working, patient-professional collaboration, therapeutic communities and power differentials.

Guilt in Crime and Punishment Essay

â€Å"If he has a conscience he will suffer for his mistake. That will be punishment-as well as the prison. † (Dostoyevsky 336). Guilt is commonly understood to be an emotion that results as an outcome of an evil act. However, is it always this simple? No human being with any sense has the ability to commit an atrocious crime without some feeling of guilt or remorse afterwards. Gradually, this guilt festers and eats away at one’s conscience until the point of escape, reached by confession, thus leading to salvation. Throughout Dostoyevsky’s Crime and Punishment the main character, Raskolnikov is stricken with guilt and suffering that eventually leads to his confession and redemption. In today’s modern America, and Raskolnikov’s 18th century Russia, guilt plays a pivotal role in transforming an individual’s moral compass and influences ones actions. In the opening of the novel, Raskolnikov intellectualizes the crime by convincing himself that there are people in his world who are extraordinary, and that he is above the law by being one. He believes he is one of the elite, who will be able to commit the murder and escape both physical and emotional punishment. Rodia believes that the murder can be justified because of the fact that Allionia is wicked, and purposeless. Raskolnikov does not feel guilt in the crime until he realizes that no good had come from the murder, and Lizoveta who was an innocent person, had died as well as Allionia, making Rodia feel dreadful for his actions. Guilt has had, and always will have a variety of influences on people, and in Crime and Punishment, Raskolnikov physically shows remorse in different situations. Raskolnikov is constantly paranoid and anxious which demonstrates his extreme shame, without him having to actually confess his guilt. For example, Raskolnikov â€Å"†¦was aware of a terrible disorder within himself. He was afraid he could not keep himself under control. † (Dostoyevsky 91). As readers, we see his shame progress from before the murder, to when he bottles it all up to the point of explosion. Some would say that Sonia, not guilt, is the main contributor to Raskolnikov’s confession, but she is actually the instrument that cured his guilt. Sonia was the main vehicle of good in society, so her influence upon Raskolnikov was what society would have preferred Rodia to do; to confess. Sonia did urge Raskolnikov to come clean, for instance, at the end of the book Sonia told Rodia â€Å"Go to the crossroads, bow down to the people, kiss the earth because you have sinned against it, too, and say aloud to the whole world ‘I am a murderer! ‘ Then God will send you life again. † (Dostoyevsky 500). Although Sonia did advise him to profess his sins, Raskolnikov’s confession comes from his inner yearning to get rid of the shame he is feeling inside.