Sdlc for Food Ordering System Essay Example

Sdlc for Food Ordering System Paper Introduction Generally, as it was mentioned in our first assignment, we supposed to choose any organization and try to develop an accurate system for it. We chose â€Å"Taktaz Restaurant† which serves Iranian traditional foods as our target and decided to develop an â€Å"online food ordering system† for it. We use Structured Analysis Method, which is time-tested and easy to understand method, as our system developing technique. Structured Analysis uses a series of phases, called the system development life cycle (SDLC), to plan, analyze, design, implement, and support an information system. In the first assignment we asked to concentrate on the first two phases of SDLC, planning and analyzing. In this assignment we are going to do last three phases, which are design, implement and support. The most important parts of these three phases that we are supposed to do in this assignment are as following: a. Output and user interface design b. Data design – ER Diagram c. System architecture d. System implementation (system prototype) – specify the hardware, software and platform used. e. System support maintenance Output Design Types of output In the system design phase, we will create the actual forms, reports, documents and other types of output. During this process we must consider the format and how it will be delivered, stored and retrieved. 1. Internet-Base Information Delivery Output In our information system we used internet-base information delivery as the output type. To support our online food ordering system, we have provided user-friendly screen interfaces that display output and accept input from customers. Customers visiting the site can check available food items and their prices in our menu, then can register for online ordering. 2. Screen Report Output We will write a custom essay sample on Sdlc for Food Ordering System specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Sdlc for Food Ordering System specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Sdlc for Food Ordering System specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Our information system also provides daily reports for Taktaz manager. To be useful, a report must include the information that a user need. Our system provides daily detailed reports in two categories: i. Total amount of daily orders ii. Total number of daily orders grouped by different customers’ name The examples of our system detailed report are shown in following. Total amount of daily orders Total number of daily orders grouped by different customers’ name As you can see, our system detailed report provides total for numeric fields. It also adds tax percentage to total selling amount for giving better estimation. The report also have auto incremental control field to controls output. User Interface Design Although output design involves a separate set of physical design issues, it is a part of the user interface (UI). User interface describes how users interact with a computer system and consists of all the hardware, software, screens, menus, functions, output and features that affect two-way communications between the user and the computer. Our customers through the website will work with a varied mix of input, output and, indirectly, date queries as they perform ordering process. Because all those tasks require interaction with the computer system, the user interface is a vital element in the systems design phase. It is important to design a user interface that is easy to use, attractive and efficient. To achieve these goals we have used following rules: 1. Focusing on basic objectives According to this rule, we tried to create a simple design that is easy to learn and understand. We aimed to design a logical and attractive layout as well. 2. Building an interface that is easy to learn and use. Based on this rule, we only used images that users can understand easily, to dentify icons. We also made it easy to return to any level in our menu structure system. 3. Minimizing input data problems We provided data validation checks and event-driven message and reminders as you can see in below sample from our system screen shot. 4. Providing feedback to users According to this rule, we made all of our feedback messages specific, understandable and professional. We a lso displayed messages on top of the screen and follow consistency every time. 5. Designing an attractive layout To satisfy this rule we tried to fulfill following guidelines in layouts of our system. Use appropriate colors to highlight different areas of the screen. †¢Use hyperlink that allows user to jump to related topics. †¢Group related objects and information by using similarity and proximity principles of Gestalt Theory. †¢When the user enters data that completely files the field, don’t move automatically to the next field. We asked users to confirm the entries by pressing ok icon and tab key at the end of every fill-in field. User Interface Controls We include many control features, such as: †¢menu bar or †¢command button †¢text box †¢drop-down list box Date design Basic understanding of data design concepts includes data structure and the characteristics of file processing and database system which including web-based database design, will help the system analyst to come out with good and fulfilled information system. A data structure is a framework for organizing and storing data in an information system. Typically it contains files or tables that are linked in various ways. These files or table is data all about people, places, things or events that interact with the information system. A file processing system or more known as a file-oriented system, stores and manages data in one or more separate files. While, a database system consists of linked tables that form one overall data structure which offers great flexibility and efficiency in processing data. Database Management System (DBMS) is a collection of tools, features and interfaces that enable users to add, update, manage access and analyze the contents of a set of data. Data manipulation language is one of DBMS component which controls database operations, including storing, retrieving, updating and deleting data. Moreover, the complete definition of a database together with descriptions of all fields, tables and relationship, is called a schema. A subschema is a view of the database used by one or more systems or users and typically classifies only those portions of the database that a particular system or user needs or is allowed to access. Data dictionary †¢Ã¢â‚¬Ëœempprofile’ Table This table supposed to store information about the staff of Taktaz. If the value for â€Å"active† column of this table become ‘a’, then the proposed staff can log in as an administrator. †¢Ã¢â‚¬Ëœfoodmnu’ Table This table stores data of available foods in the food menu. ‘order’ Table This table contains data of the ordered items. †¢ ‘userprofile’ Table This table stores information of registered customers. Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD) An entity-relationship (ER) diagram is a specialized graphic that illustrates the interrelationships between entities in a database. To design a system it is necessary to uses these models during the requirements analysis to describe information needs or the type of information that is to be stored in a database The entities for our system would be customers, order, bill, inventory and kitchen. The relations the attributes are shown in the following ERD diagram. Use Case Diagram Use case diagram is a type of behavioral diagram defined by and created from a Use-case analysis. Its purpose is to present a graphical overview of the functionality provided by a system in terms of actors, their goals (represented as use cases), and any dependencies between those use cases. The users of our system are customers, manager, kitchen staffs IT supporters. According to our systems point of view we can implement a use case diagram as given below. System Architecture System architecture is the conceptual model that defines the structure, behavior, and more views of a system. The system architecture includes seven issues which are as follow: 1. Enterprise resource planning (ERP) 2. Initial and total cost of ownership (TCO) 3. Scalability 4. Web Integration 5. Legacy system interface requirements 6. Processing options 7. Security issues The Taktaz Restaurant had no online reservation or ordering system for customers, so to have such a system, we are required to design completely a new online system (or a website). The first step was to analyze the system which the restaurant was working for. Everything in Taktaz, buying the ingredients , preparation ,ordering and delivery process, was done manually. We needed to have the owner’s idea about the old system and the expectation of the new system. By knowing a clear idea of the future system, we started to design an online food ordering system that fulfilled the restaurant requirement and expectations. Developing a new system has its own cost and we, as designer should have deal with it. The desire system and design must be cost-effective to the owner and also to us to design, operate and perform the system. Also the maintenance cost should be noticed in the designing stage. The new system should be flexible enough so that the users (restaurant’s owner and staff) can easily work with it and if needed, make some changes in it, expand, change or even downsize to meet the changing needs of the business. We tried to consider all of the above mentioned issues in the designing the system. However, some of them needed and took much more time than the others. For instance, to perform scalability or the last mentioned issue, we must interview with the owner and staff of the restaurant to get their idea and expectation of the oncoming system and then, we could interpolate those ideas to the system. As a designer, we should consider many more issues in the developing of the system. First of all, we should notice how user friendly the website will be. In a project, especially in online ordering, it is extremely important that how user deal with the website, whether the user can use and access the different section of the website in the first attempts or not. It was one of our main concerns. The administrator section also was one of our concerns. This section, which is the management section, must be designed in a way that the manager (or website controller) can easily work and modify the system. The website should be as simple as possible so that the first time users can easily understand how to work with it. Also it must be as easy to use as possible for administrator to manage the ordering website. We should design a system with a minimum number of errors. To achieve it, we should first accurately analyze the requirements and expectations of the restaurant’s owner and after gathering all different information, and then we start to design a website. Designing of the website needed to be looked from two perspectives: as administrator and as customer. Obviously a website with many errors is not a comfortable website for neither of both users. From the password protection to billing the order, security threats and defenses were a major concern to us. As analysts and designers, we should consider and determine how the business (restaurant) will deal with the security threats. Users (usually customers), they put their personal information and details in the system. So they must do it trustfully and have no doubt about the security of the system. Our System Architecture Diagram is coming in below. System Architecture Diagram System Implementation Prototyping produces an early, rapidly constructed working version of the proposed information system. Prototyping, which involves a repetitive sequence of analysis, design, modeling and testing is a common technique that we used to design our system. Our system is being run on windows as its Platform. In addition, since it is based on the internet connections, the Network Card must be installed and used. A KEY must be defined and generated for security purposes and boot strap to prevent entering any unauthorized parties and any viruses and worms. We used PHP and our IDE is Dreamviwer. For our database we use MySQL. System Support Maintenance System support maintenance is the modification of the system. We have to correct faults, improve system’s performance and adapt the system to environment and requirements changes. The objective of our maintenance is to keep our system always running at an acceptable level. Corrective maintenance diagnoses and corrects errors operational levels. In this type of maintenance we will try to correct Design errors, Coding errors and Logic errors. Applying the Corrective maintenance can be helpful to avoid probable bugs and to fix logic errors. . In our project, which is Online Food Ordering System, the first step of support maintenance is to ensure that the issues related to programming and coding are correctly run. Debugging and troubleshooting can be the second step. The coding is the most important part to check especially when you are dealing with financial issues related to ordering. Therefore, we must be sure about the correctness of all functions and modules in our coding and proper connection with database to store and retrieve data. In addition to the software hard ware must also be checked regularly. Adaptive maintenance adds enhancements to an operational system and makes the system easier to use. Adaptive maintenance entails changes related to our applications operating environment. These modifications cam consist of Incorporating new operating systems, Hardware configuration changes, Regulations Localizations alterations and Changes in data format. As our system goes on we need to enhance our system with new features, capability and functions in response to new technology. Adaptive maintenance in our system is related to update new features. For example, adding new meals or recipes to the current menu, can ensure the capability of our system. Also when we need to upgrade or add new functions to the system we need to apply the adaptive maintenance. Perfective maintenance involves changing an operational system to make it more efficient, reliable or maintainable. Perfective maintenance can improve maintainability and performance. It involves computer programmers who work to improve the way software program functions or how quickly it processes requests. For example to change our menu layouts, command interfaces for some functions or changing the number of daily orders. The other maintenance type which is useful for our system is preventative maintenance. In this kind of maintenance we try to predict and avoid probable problems before occurring . For example, to ensure that our system is scalable to have more customers in the future, we must check if our system is able to handle high data loading and other stressful operations without problem or we need to limit the number of daily orders to avoid problems. Installing antivirus software to protect our system from attacks, having a regular backup schedule to use it when something wrong goes with the system, are also examples of preventative maintenance that we can apply simply for our system. Appendix Perform research on the Internet to learn more about Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) and develop a TCO checklist that includes the five most important elements of TCO. Relate your answers to your Assignment 2. (Please put this analysis as appendices in Assignment 2 report). Total cost of ownership (TCO) generally includes ongoing support and maintenance costs, as well as acquisition costs. TCO totally formed from two different types of cost, which are Direct and indirect costs. Direct costs can be measured in dollars. These costs result from a decrease in expenses, an increase in revenues or both. If we want to list the most important elements of direct costs for an information system, the list would be as following: 1. Hardware and software (capital and lease expenses) In our project, because we do it in-house and we didn’t pay for hardware or software, this part didn’t add any cost to our TCO. 2. Support ( maintenance, training, travel etc) In this project, our group members have done all SDLC phases based on their knowledge gain from SAD course and have used their background knowledge for programming parts. Therefore, we didn’t pay for training. But, there are some costs for transportation and traveling to and from Taktaz restaurant which is placed in Serdang. 3. Development Because we did the whole project in-house with our group members, we didn’t pay any extra fees for labors or out-sourcing. 4. Communication fees The biggest part of our project costs, was communication fees which we paid to contact our group members in each phase of SDLC. Indirect costs are difficult to measure in dollars but are important and need to consider as a part of TCO. The most important indirect costs in our project are indicating in below. 1. User time User time cost is the cost of users supporting themselves and each other instead of out-sourcing costs. Costs for user formal training, casual learning, and self-studies are included in user time cost. We needed to learn some issues mostly related to programming part by ourselves during the project. 2. Opportunity cost The highest valued alternative that we need to forego when we are doing our project is part of opportunity cost or downtime cost . lost wages can be a measurement for this kind of costs.

The Art of Technology essays

The Art of Technology essays hello, today ime going to give you a short presentation on the subject of computers. computers consist of three main components, a hard disk, a basic input output system, more comonly known as a bios, and some random access memory, more comonly termed as RAM. a hard disk or hard drive is what all your documents and files are saved on to when you save them, example when you are writing a word document and decide to save it the document is saved on to the hard disk ready for you to retrieve later, there is much more i could tell you about hard drives but there is not much time. a bios is the chip inside your computer that controlls all your inputs and outputs, example, when you first set up your computer you have to conect your mouse, this mouse is plugged into your computer via a port, when you conect your mouse your bios scans your ports for new hardware, in this case the mouse, and then send a message to your computer telling it to install the mouse, and that is how your bios works. your RAM is a type of memory that is Randomly accessed when you open a file or document, it is called random access memory bec ause your computer allocates a random slice of RAM to a file when you access it, if you have sixty four megabytes of ram inside your computer then you can open sixty four megabytes of data at anyone time, example when you open a document say that document is four megabytes then when you open it four megabytes of RAM is taken up and you can open only sixty more megabytes of data, when you close a file the RAM it took up is wiped clean for you to use again. so that is the basics of computers i hope you enjoyed it. ...

The 3 Best Extracurricular Activities for Your College App

The 3 Best Extracurricular Activities for Your College App SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Extracurricular activities are an important part of your college application. The things that you choose to do outside of the classroom help college admission officers understand your personality in a way that your grades and test scores can’t show. With so many activities to choose from, how do you know which ones are going to make the biggest impact on your application? Do colleges prefer students with traditional activities like sports and student council, or are you better off if you have something unconventional on your activity list? If you're unsure about how to strategize a list of activities that will make an impact on your application, read on to see the three best extracurricular activities that will really get you noticed. What Are the BestExtracurricular Activities to Have on YourCollege Applications? Many students worry that they have to play a sport to get into a good college, or that there are some specific extracurricular activities that college admission advisors consider an automatic admissions ticket. If you have suspected that this kind of activity bias exists, I have good news: colleges do not really care which specific activities you choose to do. However,they are hoping to understand certain things about you through your activities. Your extracurricular activities show colleges aspects of your personality that your grades and test scores can’t. Though admissions officerscan also get to know about your â€Å"intangible† qualities through your essays and letters of recommendation, extracurriculars are important because they show that you walk the walk. Think you have leadership skills? Well, your extracurricularsare where you prove it. There are a few specific things that colleges are always hoping to see in their students’ activities. They include: Passion. Your activities are supposed to be a reflection of you and what you care about. Admissions officers can usually tell when you're just doing activities to pad out your resume. Colleges love students who are passionate because, more often than not, they are the ones who will stick with something through thick and thin and go on to change the world. You can show passion by focusing on a couple activities and dedicating a significant amount of time to them. Leadership. Leaders are the people who will be at the forefront of change and the first to take on new challenges. Since colleges are looking to educate and shape the leaders of tomorrow, they love to see students who are taking initiative to be leaders through their extracurricular activities. You can do this by leading a group or activity, being in charge of a project, or otherwise motivating or directing other students. Impact. How have you changed your activity for the better? Have you expanded membership or the amount of activities your extracurricular does? If you saw a problem, did you fix it? Once again, colleges are looking for the people who are going to change the world someday. In your activities, you can show them that you're the type of person who takes something and leaves it better than you found it. If you need some inspiration to help find a great extracurricular, we have a list of hundreds of activities that you can try. With commitment, over time you could show the above qualities in any of the activities on the list. But if you'd like more guidance, there is a surefire combination of activities you can pursue in high school that will show off a range of your best traits. In fact, as long as you have thesethree types of activities, you won’t have to worry nearly as much about what else you choose to do with your free time during high school! The Perfect Extracurricular Activity Combination For students who are unsure about what types of activities to pursue in high school, you can easily impress admissions officers by making sure that you have the following three kinds of activities on your list. They are: The Academic Activity The Community Service Activity The Personality Activity Colleges are out to find students whoare mature, have a good sense of direction and purpose, and have a strong sense of self. Students like this know what their passions are, are willing to put in the time and effort to make an impact in their chosen extracurriculars, and are more likely to be leaders. Though there are many valid combinations of extracurriculars out there and you will not be penalized if you do not follow the above structure, this combination of activities allows you to show off your personality and talents while also showing an awareness of and concern for the larger world. To show why this is the perfect combination, let's examine each activity in a bit more detail and discuss why it impresses admission officers. Want to build the best possible college application? We can help. PrepScholar Admissions is the world's best admissions consulting service. We combine world-class admissions counselors with our data-driven, proprietary admissions strategies. We've overseen thousands of students get into their top choice schools, from state colleges to the Ivy League. We know what kinds of students colleges want to admit. We want to get you admitted to your dream schools. Learn more about PrepScholar Admissions to maximize your chance of getting in. The Academic Activity The first key type of extracurricular activity is the academic activity.This is an activitythat is somehow related to what you're hoping to study in college. What Are Some Examples? For example, if you want to get a degree in journalism, you could be working foryour school newspaper. A math major could participate in Math Bowl or some other competitive form of the subject. A future medical student may have volunteered at the local hospital. Why Should You Do It? There's no better way to provethat you're really interested in your chosen field of study than to show admissions officers that you live and breathe it already on a daily basis. Remember that old saying that work isn’t work as long as you’re doing what you love? By doing an extracurricular related to your studies, you're showing that you have real passion for the topic and know what you're getting yourself into. Why Do Colleges Love It? Colleges want to admitstudents who are hard-working, passionate, and who will potentially be innovators in that field in the future. This is a great way to show that your studies are also your passion. You aren’t just pursuing that engineering degree because it’s going to make you money someday; you’re pursuing it because if you didn’t you wouldn’t be the person that you need to be. Students who are actively and passionately involved in their studies through an extracurricular are much more likely to make a difference in the field and potentially change the world. The Community Service Activity This activity is an extracurricularthat allows you to volunteer your time to work with people or for a cause in your community. What Are Some Examples? There are hundreds of ways to do community service. It’s important to choose something that is related to a cause you actually care about and that you'll be able to commit to long enough to make an impact. Examples range from volunteering at a senior center, to tutoring students after school, to working in wildlife conservation. If you need more examples, check out our guide tothe nine best places to do community service. Why Should You Do It? There are a lot of benefits for high school students who are ready to put time and effort into community service. Service learning can be a great way to reinforce ideas that you've learned in the classroom. You can develop skills that will be necessary forcollege, such as critical thinking and problem-solving skills. Many students say that they experience personal development through community serviceand become more responsible andempathetic. Studies have also shown that people who volunteer reap health benefits because they feel better about themselves. See more about the benefits of community service for high school students here. Why Do Colleges Love It? Community service is a great extracurricular that can show that you're a concerned citizen and aspiring leader. Keep in mind that colleges are always looking for students who are going to be making a difference in the world. Community service shows that you have already taken the first step to do that. By showing that you cantake charge when you see an issue in your community and are willing to put in the time and effort needed to make a change, you're showing initiative, dedication, and perseverance. These are all traits that will help you be a successful student in college and an impactful human being well after you graduate. The Personality Activity This is an activity that showcases something special about youand your interests. What makes you tick? What's your secret passion? What Are Some Examples? Any activity that you do solely because you love it counts as a personality extracurricular. This is your chance to show colleges what you're passionate about. These activities may be surprising at first because they don't necessarily have anything to do with what you want to pursue academically or professionally. While an aspiring engineer may list her love of building robots as her personality activity, it's equally true that an aspiring astronomy major may have a passion for working backstage in theater productions. As long as it's an extracurricular you love doing, it can be used as a personality activity. Why Should You Do It? Personality activities are a chance for you to do something that's important to you and that you really love. There’s more to you than just what you intend to study. Everyone is moved by different things, and it’s important to pursue these passions. These activities are all about you and allow you to develop confidence and a sense of self that you might not get in the other activities. Why Do Colleges Love It? Colleges want to see the person behind the application, and this is where the personality activity comes in. Collegesare also concerned about creatingvibrant campus communities, and one way of doing this is admitting students with a lot of different interests who will be able to participate and contribute toareas beyond just what they're studying. They will appreciate that you have taken the time to develop these side passions and see you as a motivated and interesting person. The Bottom Line These three types of activities are a good place to start if you're stumped by how to make an impressive resume for college. But keep in mind that any combination of activities is just as valid - as long as you remember tomake a commitment, show leadership, and havean impact! What's Next? If you want a more basic grounding in what extracurriculars are, check out our explanation of why you need to have extracurricular activities. Need some more inspiration for activities? See our complete list of extracurricular activities. Got your activities under control, but worried about how the application works? See our guide to writing about extracurriculars on the Common App. Struggling to write about extracurriculars on your college application?Check out our in-depth guide to crafting a compelling narrative about your extracurriculars. Read it for free now:

Diversity Management as a Tool For Eliminating Discrimination Literature review

Diversity Management as a Tool For Eliminating Discrimination - Literature review Example This paper shows that what are the positive points of diversity management and how diversity management enhances the performance of the individuals as well as the organization. It will develop the skills which are essential to managing a workforce team. In this article, we will study how a diversified work team enhances the productivity of an organization and how we can mitigate the hazards of diversity.  Organizations are formed with a major aim to earn profits but to earn profits, dedication and hard work is required, apart from compelling the employees to do the work. Management or the managers are supposed to manage their employees and their work in a professional manner which is ethical and appreciable as well. Proper management will ultimately increase the performance and motivate the employees because according to Steven Kopin self-motivated employees are more productive and dedicated rather than the unmotivated ones. The most important human activity is managing. Ever since people began forming groups to accomplish aims they could not achieve as individuals, managing has been essential to ensure the coordination of individual efforts. As society has come to rely increasingly on group effort, and as many organized groups have become large, the task of managers has been rising in importance. The aim of all managers is the same: "to create a surplus". Management is the process of designing and maintaining an environment in which individuals, working together in groups, efficiently accomplish selected items. Management is essential for any organization for creating its value in the long run. Managers are charged with the responsibility of taking actions that will enable individuals to make their best contribution to groups' objectives. Management thus applies to small and large organizations, to profit and for a not-for-profit enterprise to manufacture as well as service industries. The term enterprise refers to a business, government agency, hospital, un iversity, and any other type of organization.

Operating systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Operating systems - Essay Example This program is in the complicity level three since it is able to create a batch file to run the automatic back up process. The interaction takes place through a dialogue in a command line mode. It will also be able to operate in a work schedule such that it can run repeatedly. It will run in a multiple back up operation for moving many files in the same session. The backup system will present the menu in command line forms through the same dialogue system. However, the naming system will be a dynamic naming system depending on the user’s discretion, where the system will allow the user to specify the naming protocol, either by use of incremental alphabetical and numerical characters and perhaps linked to the day’s date. The changes in the codes of the batch file will alter the way the file runs. It checks the availability of the source of the files to be backed up as well as the destination directories which are in existence. Simple Source code @echo off :: variables s et drive = C:\Backup set folder = %date:~7,2% set backupcmd = xcopy /s /c /d /e /h /i /r /k /y @pause echo ### Backing up directory... %backupcommand% "C:\Program Files\dir1" "%dirve%\%folder1%" @pause echo The file Backup process Completed successfully @pause @pause @pause We save the file as backup.bat and we see the icon below On running the file the output below appears Result Press any key to continue . .. ### Backing up directory†¦ '"C:\Program Files\dir1"' is not recognized as an internal or external command, operable program or batch file. Press any key to continue . . . The file Backup process Completed successfully Press any key to continue . . . Advanced Source code @echo off :: Declaring source code variables set drive = C:\BatchBackup set bapcmd = xcopy /s /c /d /e /h /i /r  /y @pause @pause echo ### Program for backing up the Documents... %bapcmd% "%USERPROFILE%\My Documents" "%D%\My Documents" echo ### Backing up the Favorites... %bapcmd% "%USERPROFILE%\Site" " %C%\ bapcmd " @pause @pause echo ### The system is Backing up all the Em and address book. %bapcmd% "%USERPROFILE%\Applic Data Files\Microsoft\AddBk" "%C%\ My Address Book" %bapcmd% "%USERPROFILE%\Local Settings\ Applic Data\Identities" "%C%\Outlook Express" @pause @pause echo ### System is Backing up all Ems and Em contacts in MS Outlook express %bapcmd% "%USERPROFILE%\s\ Applic Data\MS Outlook" "%C%\Outlook" @pause @pause echo ### System Backing up Registry********* if not exist "%C%\Registry" mkdir "%D%\Registry" if exist "%C%\Registry\regbackup.reg" del "%D%\Registry\regbackup.reg" regedit /e "%D%\Registry\regbackup.reg" @pause @pause ::Registry Backup Completed Successfully :: use below syntax to backup other directories... :: %bapcmd% "C" "%drive%\ % "D" "%drive% echo System successfully completes Backup Process! @pause @pause @pause Result Press any key to continue . . . Press any key to continue . . . ### Program for backing up the Documents... '"C:\Users\COLOO\My Documents" ' is not recognized as an internal or external com mand, operable program or batch file. ### Backing up the Favorites... '"C:\Users\COLOO\Site"' is not recognized as an internal or external command, operable program or batch file. Press any key to continue . . . Press any key to continue . . . ### The system is Backing up all the Em and address book. The system cannot find the path specified. The system canno

Oppositional Defiant Disorder Essay Example for Free

Oppositional Defiant Disorder Essay Children are normally difficult to deal with and could be very challenging sometimes. They usually have mood swings and tantrums that are sometimes hard to control and deal with. On the other hand if the child or an individual is observed with relentless pattern of tantrums, arguing and have disruptive behaviors to their parents or other people then there is a possibility that the person have oppositional defiant disorder. Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is a kind of disorder that is being characterized by a recurrent pattern of negativistic, defiant, disobedient and hostile behavior towards authority figures such as parents and teachers and the elders and it usually occurs and happens for at least 6 months. Teenagers and children with ODD shows a consistent symptom pattern of refusing commands, orders or request coming from adults and they may manifest great annoyance, irritability and stubbornness to people that are older to them. ODD is usually normal in early childhood and adolescence stage (Sadock, Kaplan, Sadock, 2007). Symptoms Having a defiant behavior is usually common among children most especially if they are in the transition of 2 to 3 years or when they reach the teenage years. At this age children normally act with defiance so that they can affirm themselves and check their limits. There are a lot of symptoms that may indicate that a child or a teenager has ODD. Symptoms of ODD are: if an individual always loses his or her temper, often argues with adults, deliberately annoys people, blames other people for his or her mistakes, misbehavior, often annoyed or angry, academic problems, often spiteful and defies obeying with adults’ rules and requests. It is an oppositional defiant disorder if four or more symptoms are present in a person’s behavior and lasts for at least six months (Sadock, Sadock Levin, 2007). Furthermore, children with ODD are usually moody and they get easily frustrated with things and they can also have a very low self-esteem. There is also a possibility that they will abuse the use of drugs, other substances and alcohol (Webmd, 2008). Etiology There is still no clear cause behind the oppositional defiant disorder. The etiology of ODD is believed to come from different factors such as environmental and genetic or combined. A child who has ODD is more likely to have a history in his or her family of some behavior disorders, anxiety disorder, personality disorder, and mood disorders. In addition, if the parents of the child are alcoholic or have problems with the behavior such as being always into trouble the child can adapt the behavior and may develop into having ODD later on (Tynan, 2008). Diagnosis/ Assessment It is difficult to determine and diagnose different kinds of mental health conditions in a person because some of the symptoms of a certain disorder may also be present in another mental disorder. Furthermore, it makes also difficult to diagnose a child whether he or she has ODD because it is normal for children to have the different behaviors that ODD characterized. In diagnosing ODD, there are no medical tests such as blood test that can determine whether a child or a teenager has ODD or another type of disorder. Some disorders such as ADHD, conduct disorder, bipolar disorder and other mood or behavioral disorders can overlap the signs and symptoms of ODD, therefore it is very important to have a thorough check up and observation to see and diagnose a child suspected with ODD (Rapoport Ismond). Moreover, in diagnosing ODD different types of medical tests may be given to the person to be bale to rule out physical illness or medication side effects like X-rays and blood tests. Only mental health professionals like the psychiatrist or psychologist can determine different kinds of mental illnesses such as ODD in an individual. By looking at the child’s family and health history experts will be able to find it easier to diagnose a child with ODD (Chandler, 2008). Prevalence Oppositional defiant disorder is said to be more common in boys rather than in girls and in children or adolescents. This disorder can usually be seen and observed when a child reaches the age of 8. It is said in some research that there are about 2 to 16% of the US population both male and female have ODD and about 25 % of the population with ODD develops conduct disorder and about 10% of the population have antisocial personality disorder and mostly are already adults (Videbeck, 2007). ODD is more prevalent in males than females before they reach the puberty stage. However after they reach the puberty stage or adolescence, the ratio of both genders already become equal due to the reason that females tend to be involved with antisocial males as partners (Corcoran Walsh, 2006). Risk Factors Oppositional defiant disorder usually comes with other behavior disorders or mental disorders. There are about 50% to 65% of children with ODD usually have attention deficit disorder (ADD) or Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). ome form of affective disorder may also be present among 35% of children with ODD, 20% with mood disorders like anxiety disorder or bipolar disorder and 15% develop some personality disorder (Kane, 2008). Other risk factors that may be present to children with ODD are; being abused or neglected, lack of supervision from parents, poor relationship with one or both parents and other family members, family instability such as incident of divorce, financial problems in the family, exposure to violence and abusing substance like drugs and alcohol (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2007). Treatment Psychotherapy There are many options for treating oppositional defiant disorder in an individual. Different treatments depends on the age and the severity of the condition and its symptoms and the person should be willing or aware so that he or she will be able to participate and cooperate well in the treatment process of ODD though it is usually complicated and difficult especially if the individual is a child. First and common treatment being used with patient with ODD is psychotherapy. In psychotherapy the process is juts like counseling. The goal of this kind of treatment is to help and assist the child in developing ways on controlling his or her anger and other defiant behaviors. Cognitive behavioral therapy is another way of therapy that can help a child or a person with ODD. It is a kind of technique or approach that intends to influence bad behaviors and cognitions through a goal-oriented process. This kind of therapy has been proven to be effective on most mood disorders, behavioral disorders, personality disorders and other mental diseases. In addition, family therapy can also serve as a great help for treating ODD. This can help family interactions and communications not only to the child with ODD and parent but to rest of the members of the family as well. There is also a new therapy that has been introduced that can help treating ODD and it is called parent management training (PMT). This approach teaches the parents different techniques to positively modify or change their children’s behavior (Webmd, 2008). Medications Medications or drugs can also help in the process of treating oppositional defiant disorder in a child. There was a study made to see whether a certain drug called Ritalin can be effective in treating children with ODD. The research’s result found out that there were about 90% of children with ODD who were treated by Ritalin do not have ODD anymore when they finish the study. Another drug called Strattera did also help and got treated for some children with oppositional defiant disorder. Mood stabilizers can also help in the process of treating ODD using medications to be bale to control the behavior of the person with ODD. Lastly, other alternative treatments but has not been proven by studies that is suspected to help in the treatment of ODD. It is said that Omega-3 oils and Vitamin E helps lessen the behavioral problem of a child with oppositional defiant disorder (Kane, 2008). Prognosis Treating oppositional defiant disorder usually takes time to treat. It requires long term commitment to the person and most especially to the parents. If the individual did not receive proper treatment there will be a higher risk that the child will develop a conduct disorder or antisocial personality disorder (Encyclopedia of Mental Disorders, 2007). Prevention Good parenting can prevent the prevalence of oppositional defiant disorder. It is very important that parents should treat their children fairly and should be consistent with their rules and consequences inside the home. Proper communication is also needed between children and parents to avoid such problem to occur. Abusing and neglecting children should be also avoided; hence it is one factor that triggers ODD to occur in an individual. If parents can already observe different or unusual behavior in their children they should ask for help or seek advice to experts to know if there is something wrong with their children. If ODD is detected earlier then it will be easier also to treat and the person will no longer have to suffer and experience this kind of disorder that can disrupt their lives (Encyclopedia of Mental Disorders, 2007). Conclusion In conclusion, becoming aware and knowing all the information that lies ahead in oppositional defiant disorder is very important. One should be attentive most especially the parents of all the necessary repercussions that it can bring to a person particularly children and adolescence to be able to stop the increasing number of ODD and so that children and other people will be able to live normally and function well in the society.

Medieval world reflected in Japanese literature: examples of changes an

As with most societies, as time progresses there will always be many changes. Likewise, as Japan moved into the medieval period there would be changes, specifically in some noticeable changes that are found in the literature. In looking at how prose and poetry was affected during this time, it should be noted that in many ways the literature of the period was made as a method of honoring the old literature and building beyond it. An example can be seen in the poems of ShinkokinshÃ… «, and in drawing from KokinshÃ… «, Shinkokin waka shÃ… « is a â€Å"New Collection of Poems Ancient and Modern† (Handout 10). That being said, ShinkokinshÃ… « was compiled exactly 300 years after KokinshÃ… « was originally compiled, therefore making ShinkokinshÃ… « an anniversary collection that would also be inspired by the original works. ShinkokinshÃ… « shows within it there are parts that draw a lot from the past, while there are also works from the modern time period. As for prose, there have been some changes in language that can be seen between some examples. Descriptions of residencies and everyday life will always vary from person to person, as it is seen in The Pillow Book by Sei ShÃ… nagon with its decriptions of life in the Imperial court and the very different An Account of My Hut by Kamo no ChÃ… mei and its description of a very different world as seen by the humble Buddhist monk. The two accounts were also written about 200 years apart, which allows for there to be some significant societal changes to be seen between the writings, in addition to the difference in the lifestyles of the of the respective authors. These examples are just a small representation of the changes that occurred in Japanese literature, particularly poetry and prose during the medieval period, ... ...s that both have as they build upon the previous works from earlier times. The very obvious example is KokinshÃ… « and ShinkokinshÃ… « and their connections. There are many aspects of the works that are similar, and quite possibly the same, but there are the innovations and changes that are very noticeable in these works as there is progression through time. The most notable innovation, which is also seen in the zuhitsus, is the changes in structure. The best examples are the use of the x-no-y-no-z pattern and taigendome as found in ShinkokinshÃ… « as they stand out very clearly and the coherent and broken into groups and sections in the structure between the two zuhitsus. With all art forms, there will be changes and innovations as they evolve. While they eventually not resemble their predecessors, they will represent the survival of the art and honor it in its own way.

American Popular Culture In Australia Essay

The 1950s and 1960s were times of unprecedented change, and Australian society was influenced greatly by American popular culture, through various mediums, such as: music, film, television and fashion. This especially affected teenagers. It will be explained how Australian society was impacted by American popular culture, and also why American popular culture had such an affect. Australian developed its own responses to these influences, and the extent of this will also be explored. The 1950s meant the emergence of the teenager; it also brought peace and prosperity to many. And during the fifties there were far more American films released in Australia, and they became more popular than many Australian films. Films were of great influence to the youth of the 1960s, films such as The Wild One and Rebel Without A Cause showed a new type of teenager, one who was not only different, but was rebellious. This new view of what a teenager could be gave birth to the idea of â€Å"bodgies† and â€Å"widgies† which is what many teenagers became known as during the fifties. These â€Å"bodgies† and â€Å"widgies† were greatly influenced by the culture of rock-‘n’-roll music. The term â€Å"Rock-‘n’-Roll† was invented in the mid 1950s for a new and exciting music. This type of music was to become popular beyond belief, it not only began to dominate the tastes of America’s youth, and it soon became the popular music of choice for youths throughout Australia, too. Popular artists such as Elvis Presley and Bill Haley and the comets were among the top entertainers influencing Australia’s impressionistic youth. The lifestyle trends of Australia were also, to a great extent, impacted by the trends of America. During the 1950s the lifestyle of a typical American was very different to that of a person during the forties. The lifestyle was more laidback, mainly due to the end of the war; people believed that they were entering a new age, where anything was possible. Australia followed Americas lead, and many of their lifestyles changed with the Americans. By the late 1950s, television was the most important form of mass entertainment and culture; it had become an important part of many people’s lives. Through television Australia saw the American life, and then modelled (to a certain  extent), parts of their lives on what they saw of the American lifestyle. During the 1960s, Australian society remained hugely affected by American popular culture. And although the culture of the youth was no where near as strong or powerful as it was in America, Australia was, to a great extent influenced by what was happening in America at the time. What happened in America was almost always mirrored by Australian teens (although to a smaller extent). Fashion-wise, the sixties saw the flowering of the Hippie Movement. All of a sudden the tight black pants, bright socks and hair grease of the fifties were gone, and in came the mini-skirt, velvet pants and paisley shirts. As American teenagers began to grow their hair longer and longer, it seemed Australian teenagers opted to follow this new trend. Films took on a new genre; the films of the sixties began to portray the story much more realistically. Blockbusters such as Easy Rider were on the scene. In the film industry in the sixties Britain tended to lead, but America adjusted, and Australian society continued to follow. Of course, there is one aspect of the sixties, which will remain in everybody’s mind forever: Psychedelia. A style like no other. It was a period like no other, a world of hallucinogenic drugs, swirling shaped and luminous colours. It was LSD, which provided the mental and visual stimulus behind psychedelia. Psychedelic patterns and colours quickly found their way in to mass-produced fabrics and clothes. Psychedelia also influenced the music industry significantly, with great bands such as the Beatles producing songs such as Lucy in the Sky With Diamonds with thinly disguised references to drugs. The Beatles were hugely popular in Australia as well, and it was the Beatles tour of Australia in 1964, which proved just how much this American pop group influenced these Australian citizens. During the tour parents and police were ignored, and Australian teenagers were lapping it up, the overseas excitement was finally there for then to fully be a part of. But the psychedelic styles of the sixties were so strong and unsympathetic to  other styles that it was inevitable that Psychedelia departed as quickly as it arrived. The fifties and sixties were completely different in so many ways; the times had changed a lot in the transition of decades. The types of music, for one, were in great contrast. By the sixties the rock-‘n’-roll and pelvic thrusting of the fifties had transformed into the pop, rock and folk music of the likes of the Beatles, the Rolling Stones and Bob Dylan. Teenagers changed a lot over the two decades a lot, too. The tight pant, leather jacket bodgies, with their greased hair, and the widgies, with their rope petticoats and flared dresses, were replaced by the teenagers of the Psychedelic era. These teenagers preferred the swirled shapes and bright colours, with their newly found mini-skirts, and for the guys it was paisley shirts. Although the two decades were different in themselves, there is still a parallel running between the two. Both were times of change, with popular culture culminated for the newly recognised youth, each decade had their own brand of pop music, and their own brand of teenagers. However, the teenagers of the sixties, despite the overuse of drugs, remained a lot more politically minded, by holding many war protests, for example. The fifties played home to a time where the brand teenager was first recognised, and the sixties were a carry on from this, an expansion where teenagers gained more and more out of life and the world. We have seen how Australian society was influenced by American popular culture in the fifties, now the question is why. There were many factors that contributed to this sudden change in ideals. One of the main factors involved was the end of WWII, WWII had brought America to Australia, it became one of Australia’s major trading partners, and our major investor. Economically and culturally we identified with America. Also, following the war communications around the world had been significantly improved, thus giving Australia greater opportunities to be connected with America, and therefore see and â€Å"copy† (in a way), just what they were doing. Another  factor of significant importance is the impact that television had on society overall. With the intervention of television Australian’s had a clear and self-evident view of America, as many of the programs shown on Australian television were in fact American. With more and more people seeing these programs the excitement grew and the popular culture of American society grew in Australia. Through the passage of time Australian culture absorbs these aspects of American culture and they become linked with our identity. The reasons for why Australia was impacted so greatly in the sixties can be traced back through the fifties. As the fifties went on America seemed to continue to dominate more and more. And by the time it reached the sixties there was an abundance of America programming on Australian television and radio, which influenced many young, impressionably minds. Another main factor was that Australia’s economy had substantially increased by the sixties, due significantly to such Government programs as the Assisted Immigration Scheme. With more money to spend, many Australian youths put their money to items, which then enforced pop culture, such as CDs and popular fashions of the time. But it all came down to the fact that America sells its culture and products to the world and teenagers in the western world are vulnerable to advertising. And perhaps the most important factor in all this was the Vietnam War. Many soldiers spent their R&R time in Australia. This impacted greatly upon the youth of Australia because many servicemen brought with them their own music and style which influenced the society that they brought it to. Of course, Australia didn’t just sit back and watch the excitement unfold, Australian society had their own responses to the latest trends. The culture, of course, in Australia was no where near as strong as that in America at the time. But still, in many ways Australia decided to copy the popular trends of the time, but in many other ways they had their own. Young Australians formed their own gangs, made up of â€Å"bodgies† who wore tight black pants and greased their hair and their female counterparts â€Å"widgies† who wore rope petticoats and flared dresses, throughout the fifties these groups became increasingly violent. These groups were in response to such  American hits as Rebel Without A Cause and The Wild One. The way that media targeted teenagers and advertising gave them a larger opportunity to get involved with the latest popular trends. Because teenagers got more money they had the means to respond to this advertising in the sixties. They had the means to be a part of Psychedelia (to a small extent). We can see from all this that the fifties were a big turning point for Australian society. This was the time were American had first been brought to Australia, until the 1950s Australia had not had as much contact with America. But through means of television and improved communications American popular culture influenced Australian society a great amount, in music, film, lifestyle and fashion. This same thing worked through the sixties, Australian society remaining significantly impacted upon by American popular culture, and we can see that still today we are affected to a certain extent, by American Popular culture.

Beer and Heineken

Budweiser Vs. Heineken – Presentation Transcript 1. Budweiser Marketing Mix 2. Heineken 3. Many of life's failures are men who did not realize how close they were to success when they gave up. – Thomas Edison 4. Introduction * Anheuser-Busch * Anheuser-Busch Inc. is a strong and dominating company that is a leader in the beer market. They are a company that is rooted in values, ethics and sheer determination. * Anheuser-Busch targets consumers who are interested in alcoholic beverages that provide the best taste and quality. Their targets are anyone from the lower class of society, all the way up to the upper class. They have a wide range of brands and beverages to offer that are appealing to each social class. 5. Brief History * Anheuser-Busch Companies, Inc. traces its roots to 1852 and the Bavarian Brewery in St. Louis. * Adolphus Busch, a successful German businessman, joined his father-in-law in the business in the 1860s and took on increasing responsibility. * Budweiser was the first national beer brand, introduced in 1876. * In 2008, Anheuser-Busch and InBev combined to become Anheuser-Busch InBev. The new company is the world’s largest brewer and one of the top 5 consumer goods companies in the world. 6. Introduction The Heineken family entered the beer business in 1864, when Gerard Adriaan Heineken bought a brewery in the heart of Amsterdam. Over the past 140 years, four generations of the Heineken family have built and expanded the brand and the company in Europe and around the world. It is thanks to the leadership of Gerard, Henry and Alfred Heineken that Heineken is one of the world’s leading brewing groups. Today Charlene de Carvalho-Heineken is delegate member of the Board of directors of Heineken Holding N. V. 7. Introduction At the end of 2007, Heineken has expanded to a number of 119 brewers in more than 65 countries all over the world with a number of 50,004 employee in the year of 2007. (Heineken N. V. , 2008). 8. Product 9. Product * Product Definition * General: Good, idea, method, information, object, service, etc. , that is the end result of a process and serves as a need or want satisfier. It is usually a bundle of tangible and intangible attributes (benefits, features, functions, uses) that a seller offers to a buyer for purchase. 10. Product: Budweiser Anheuser-Busch is an American-style lager and is one of the most popular beers in the United States. * Budweiser is made up of large proportion (up to 40%) of rice in addition to hops and barley malt. * Budweiser is produced in various breweries located aound the United States and the rest of the world. * It is a filtered beer available in draught and packaged forms. 11. * Introduced in 1982 * It was one of the first light beer s in the world * Bud Light is the best-selling beer in the U. S. and the #1 beer in the world * It’s brewed at all 12 Anheuser-Busch U. S. based breweries. Bud Light is brewed with all-natural ingredients – water, barley malt, rice, premium hops and yeast. * A blend of two and six row malt and cereal grains give bud light its clean, crisp, smooth taste. * There is 110 calories, 6. 6 grams of carbohydrates and is 4. 2 % alcohol by volume in each 12 OZ. serving Product: Bud Light 12. Product: Bud Select * Bavarian hops and an extended brewing process combine to give the Budweiser Select its distinctively full flavor-despite weighing in at only 99 calories. Dark gold in color and pleasingly aromatic, Budweiser select is impressive from any angle. The Exception to the Rule. 13. Product: Bud Light Lime * Bud Light Lime is a premium light beer that combines the superior drinkability of Bud Light with a splash of 100% natural lime flavor. * A light beer with 4. 2% ABV and 116 calories per 12 ounce serving 14. Product: American Ale * Debuted in September 2008. * The beer offer complex taste without much bitterness. * It is the first beer under the Budweiser name that is brewed as an ale rather than a lager. The beer has a darker color which is a departure from other Budweiser brands 15. Product: Bud Dry was introduced in the U. S. in 1990 with the slogan of â€Å"Why ask why? Drink Bud Dry. † * It was originally successful in the test markets and was expected to be a popular beer with the rise in lager popularity. * However, with the introduction of Bud Ice in 1994, Bud Dry began to decline in the mainstream popularity and no longer receives attention. 16. Product: Bud Ice * Introduced in 1994 as â€Å"Ice by Budweiser†. * Contains more alcohol (5. 5%ABV) more than Budweiser. * Bud Ice Light was introduced in 2007. * Contains 4. 1% ABV and 110 calories. 17. Product: Clamato Chelada. A blend of Budweiser or Bud light and Clamato. This bevera ge became available nationally in late 2007 due to overwhelming popularity during test marketing. * In its most basic form, the chelada is a fairly innocuous mixing of beer with lime and salt. Miller's new product, Miller Chill, incorporates these flavors in their new product, which they have slotted as a super premium light beer 18. Marketing Mix: Product Keegan and Schlegelmilch define a product as a collection of physical, psychological and symbolic attributes that collectively yield satisfaction, or benefits, to a buyer or user. When we interpolate the above definition into Heineken, we see that all three parts mentioned above, i. e. Physical, Psychological and Symbolic apply to Heineken products. 19. Brief Summary * When looking at the marketing mix of Heineken, we see that they have only a limited amount of products as they have a large diversity of brands. Their main product is of course, ‘the beer’. Currently, they have only four kinds of beer: * Heineken Pilsener * Heineken Premium Light * Heineken Tarwebok * Heineken Oud Bruin * The last two are specialty beers available only in USA and Netherlands. Of course they have a large variety of other brands to compensate 20. Products Heineken Pilsener This is Heineken’s regular beer which is the same as the original Heineken started with. Its mildly bitter taste, fresh, fruity aroma, bright color and exceptional clarity are obtained using only the purest water, hops and barley malt. Alcohol: 5% vol. 21. Products Heineken Premium light Heineken’s Premium Light is a beer brewed by Heineken mostly for the US market. It was introduced in 2005 and took them 10 years of market research, and was chosen from twenty options. The introduction of this beer was a big step for Heineken. Alcohol: 3. 3% vol. 22. Products Heineken Tarwebok/Special Dark (USA) Traditionally brewed and drunk in autumn, this aromatic, strong beer has a full-bodied, spicy taste derived from unique malts made with roasted spring barley and wheat. It is available only in Netherlands and in US under the name Special Dark 23. Products Heineken Oud Bruin One of the most traditional Dutch beer types, ‘Old Brown’ derives its rich, dark color and taste from its dark malt and hops. Natural sugar gives it a mildly sweet, caramel taste. It is available only in the Netherlands. 24. Products: Draught BeerTender A joint venture between Heineken and the electronic company Krupps resulted in the BeerTender which is a beer tapping system for use at home. It uses small lightweight 4-5 Lt. kegs. It is a closed system meaning that only available beer is from Heineken itself. It was first introduced in Netherlands in 2004 and found its was to eight other countries by 2008. In 2007 there were already 300,000 BeerTenders sold. 25. Products: Draught 6. Products: Draught DraughtKeg Another similar product that is developed and engineered is the DraughtKeg. It is a 5 Lt keg that has the entire tapping system built into it. The keg is portable, disposable, 100% recyclable and is manufactured in lightweight steel. It was first introduced in France in 2005. In 2007, it was available in 90 countries and sold more than 10 million units. 27. Products: Draught 28. Physical: Styling an d Packaging * Budweiser has introduced many can designs with co-branding and sports marketing promotional packaging. Today, most of these promotional programs are represented only on the 16 ounce aluminum bottle container. However, many major league baseball and NFL teams also promote 24 ounce cans marked with team logos. * NFL team-specific packaging for 28 National Football League teams from Budweiser and Bud Light. * Anheuser-Busch domestic breweries will be involved in the team specific packaging campaign, which will produce more than 78 different packaging combinations on 12 million cases of Budweiser and Bud Light aluminum cans. 29. Physical: Styling and Packaging Packages are sometimes tailored to local customs and traditions * In St. Mary's County, Maryland, ten ounce cans are the preferred package. * Chicagoans widely prefer the 16 ounce can. * Michigan prefer the eight ounce can. 30. Styling and Packaging * Presently, Budweiser is distributed in four large container volumes: half-barrel 15. 5 gal), quarter-barrel, 1/6 barrel and beer balls (5. 2 gallons). In smaller consumption volum es, Budweiser is distributed in eight, ten, 12, 16, 22, 24, 32 and 40 ounce containers. Smaller containers may be made of glass, aluminum or plastic. 1. Physical: Styling and Packaging * The Budweiser bottle has remained relatively unchanged since its introduction in 1876. * The top label is red and currently reads "Budweiser". The top of the main label is red with a white banner with a pledge on it, which has changed three times. Below the banner is a coat of arms of sorts, which features an Anheuser-Busch stylization. Below that is a large white box. 32. Physical: Styling and Packaging * Through early 1950s Budweiser was primarily distributed in just 3 packages: * Kegs * 12 ounce bottles * Quart bottles 3. Physical: Styling and Packaging * Metal Container Corp. supplies more than 60 percent of Anheuser-Busch’s domestic lids. * Anheuser-Busch Recycling Corp. recycles used beverage cans, which are remelted into new sheet aluminum. This business unit provides a posit ive alternative to mandatory deposits and helps reduce container costs. A-BRC annually recycles more aluminum cans than Anheuser-Busch sells domestically. 34. Physical: Styling and Packaging * Eagle Packaging Inc. supplies 100 percent of Anheuser-Busch’s domestic crown and closure liner materials * Longhorn Glass Corp. roduces longneck glass bottles and ships all its output to the Anheuser-Busch Houston brewery. LGC supplies the Houston brewery with more than 60 percent of Anheuser-Busch’ total glass bottle needs. 35. Analysis * Budweiser packaging concentrates more on co-branding and sports promotional packaging. * The can packaging size differs from one community to the other. * Larger container volumes ranges from 5. 2 gallons to 15. 5 gallons * A distinctive coat of arms of some sort which features Anheuser-Busch stylization. 36. Physical: Styling & Packaging Styling and packaging is critical and very important for Heineken. They also emphasize this by saying the following in their annual report of 2007: â€Å" Packaging is a key element in Heineken’s marketing and innovation strategy. New pack types create new consumption moments, build excitement around our brands, improved margins and higher volumes. † In this way, Heineken moves beyond from selling just beer to selling experiences by augmenting their product. We will see some examples of the creativity and innovation of Heineken when it comes to packaging. 7. Physical: Styling & Packaging Beer is typically served in two main types of packaging, bottles and cans. 38. Physical: Styling & Packaging Paco Bottle In 2004 Heineken introduced the Paco bottle which is made out of striking green aluminum to reinforce the brand’s premium positioning. With the Paco bottle, Heineken was the first beer brand to win Frontier’s Star Product of the Year award in 2005. â€Å" Heineken has succeeded in creating a brand new high value subcategory without cannibalizing from existing sales. The product, placement and price are all well adjusted to the travel retail environment. Paco creates a premium perception in a category that has never been perceived as premium. † [Pittilla, 2005] 39. Physical: Styling & Packaging DraughtKeg The DraughtKeg mentioned earlier caused a disruption in the beer market. Its unique functionality, offering real draft beer from a keg that is scaled down for convenience, improves the customer experience. What makes this so special is that it is done by a revolutionary packaging instead of a new flavor or a new style of brewing. 0. Physical: Styling & Packaging DraughtKeg It took 15 years to develop and an investment of $15million in a new production line. It results in 12-14 beers and costs only slightly more than a regular 12-pack. Because Heineken is a premium brand, this light increase in price will not bother the consumers since they get a better and fresher taste from the DraughtKeg. Since the margins on low-end beer are too slim to support this type of delivery system, Heineken has managed to use its creative packaging abilities to disrupt the commodity beer market. 41. Physical: Styling & Packaging Heineken WOBO In 1963, the then chairman , Alfred Heineken visited the Caribbean and noticed beaches littered with beer bottles and a shortage of building materials. This gave him the idea to use the beer bottle for another purpose then just hold beer and came up with the Heineken WOBO (World Bottle). The specially designed bottle was meant function like normal ‘brick and mortar’ construction. However, only 100,000 bottles were produced and now they have become a treasured collector’s item. 42. Psychological: Entertainment Sponsorship of the world’s premier sporting events * Maintains a high-profile presence with adult audiences through innovative marketing and sponsorship programs in sports, music and entertainment. 43. Busch Entertainment Corp. * It generates solid financial returns, supports Anheuser-Busch’s beer brands and enhances the Company’s image. * Busch Entertainment Adventure parks; * New shows and att ractions (â€Å"Believe†) * Wildlife conservation and commitment to guest service: Seaworld &Busch Gardens 44. Psychological: Environment The company recognizes the importance of being a good environmental steward in the communities where it operates. * Bio-Energy * Wastewater into a renewable fuel source * Recycles more than 97 percent of the waste it generates * Projects with the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation 45. Psychological: A positive lifestyle – Enjoy Heineken responsibly In 2004, Heineken became the first alcohol company in the world to link a responsibility message on bottles, cans and secondary packaging with a dedicated alcohol education website. This website, www. enjoyheinekenresponsibly. om , holds information on Heineken’s alcohol policy and provides information on the effects of alcohol and guidelines for responsible drinking. It also can redirect visitors to organizations dedicated to the subject. 46. Psychological: A positive lifestyle – Heineken Alcohol Policy Statement Heineken formed an alcohol policy statement, Heineken Alcohol Policy Statement (HAPS), that contains eight ruling principles shown below (Heineken Alcohol Policy, 2008). 1. Responsible consumption of beer is consistent with the maintenance of a balanced and positive lifestyle for most adults who choose to drink 2. The informed individual is responsible for his/her own behaviour 3. Heineken is committed to raising awareness regarding responsible consumption 4. We demand responsible behaviour of all employees in our family of companies around the world 47. Psychological: A positive lifestyle – Heineken Alcohol Policy Statement 5. Heineken companies are charged with ensuring that their commercial activities meet legal requirements and do not encourage irresponsible consumption 6. We want to help prevent abuse and misuse through dialogue and action 7. Implementation of the Heineken Alcohol Policy is mandatory in all Heineken companies 8. We will report on our actions related to our Heineken Alcohol Policy 48. Psychological: A positive lifestyle – Heineken Alcohol Policy Statement 49. Brand Image * We are all aware that it is very difficult to taste the difference between the varieties of available beer brands when given it unlabelled, it is almost impossible for a common man to say for sure what brand is it, and there are several cases on this issue. Therefore the styling and, packaging and brand image is very important. In the world of brew, consumer loyalty is shaped by brand culture (Barnet, 2001). 0. Positioning * Globally brewed and considered as leader on the market. * Holding a 49% market share of US beer sales * Quality product, best tasting, satisfying beer on market * Target market is 21 years and older * – Fun loving * – Care free individuals * – Drink occasionally and or on daily basis 51. Positioning 52. Positioning 53. Brand Strategy * Breweries: * 14 breweries in the US * 14 in China (to be 15 soon) * 1 in the UK * Brewing in partnership with Grupo Modelo in Mexico and Labatt Brewing Company in Canada * Not sell direct to customers Good sold to wholesalers, then retailers and finally to customers * Line strategy * Brand extension 54. Brand Strategy * Brand positioning * Attributes * Benefits * Benefits and values * Brand name selection * Selection * Protection 55. Brand strategy cont†¦ * Brand sponsorship * Manufacturers brand * Co-branding * Brand development * Line extension * Brand extension 56. Budweiser Brand Health * Measuring brand health gives a view of forward momentum — keeping the brand position relevant by staying ahead of constantly shifting customer needs and competitive pressure. Brands can be eternal if nurtured well. * Budweiser feels that, the â€Å"white and red blood cells† of healthy brands are resilience and leveragability thus their brand custodians must always realize that maintaining long-term brand health is usually more important than the short-term $ gains, thus they try to promote the health of their product through sponsorship. 57. Other brands * Bud light Budweiser/Bud Select Bud Ice Light Bud Ice 58. Other brands Budweiser American Ale Bud Silver Bud Light Lime Bud Dry 59. * Budweiser & Clamato Chelada Other brands Bud Light & Clamato Chelada 60. Brand Image Heineken is a group which owns a worldwide portfolio of over 170 beer brands, mainly pale lager, though some other beer styles are produced. As of 2006, Heineken owns over 130 breweries in more than 65 countries and employs approximately 57,557 people. The global beer market is expanding steadily, despite a decline in the traditional markets of West Europe and North America to approximately 1. 5 billion hectoliters in 2005 from 1. 4 billion hectoliters in 2002. 61. Brand Image â€Å" Heineken. Meet you There† Heineken USA as leading importer of beer into the US, including the flagship Heineken beer. Alaska distributors is a wholesaler of malt beverages in Washington and Alaska. Heineken did not approve a proposed transfer of distribution rights to another wholesaler, and later terminated the existing wholesaler and appointed a new wholesaler, Alaska Distributors. The market area for the distributor was North of Seattle, Washington. 62. Brand Image Heineken total beer volume was made up- Heineken brand 18. 7%, Amstel 9. 1% and other beer brands 72. 2%. 63. Filip Wouters VP Marketing Heineken Heineken USA Brand Image Heineken is an iconic brand that represents heritage, premiumness, innovation and quality around the world and is the gold standard for imports in U. S 64. Positioning Heineken is the world’s most valuable International premium beer brand. Heineken hopes to consolidate its position within the high growth Romanian beer and mineral water market by acquiring Transylvania-based brewer Bere Mures for an as yet undisclosed fee. As of 2007, Heineken owns over 119 breweries in more than 65 countries and employs approximately 54,004 people. 5. Positioning 66. Brand Strategy Building a winning brand portfolio centered around Heineken. Their brand strategy is to build a strong portfolio that combines the power of local and international brands and which has Heineken at its center. The consistent growth of Heineken requires solid creative brand management, which they always coordinate centrally. For the Heineken & Amstel brands, they develop and maintain central guidelines and standards for brand style, brand value and brand development. 67. Brand Strategy Heineken applies the following global brand strategy: â€Å"Our brand strategy is to build a strong portfolio that combines the power of local and international brands and which has Heineken at its center. (Heineken N. V 2005) 68. Brand Strategy 69. Heineken Brand Dashboard Heineken introduce a standard for measuring brand performance. Heineken brand Dashboard is a new system for measuring and reporting all essential keys performance indicators on sales, marketing and finance relating to the Heineken brand. This tools will make it easier to diagnose brand health issues and to have a consistent vies of the most successful growth drivers for the Heineken brand across the business. 70. Other Brand The Company’s other brands with some international distribution are Amstel which sold 630 million liters, Buckler, a nonalcoholic beer, which sold 90 million liter and Murphy’s Stout, recently acquired. As a result of acquisitions, Heineken also oversaw the brewing of many local and regional beer brands marked by its subsidiaries, such as Bir Bintang, the leading Indonesian brand. 71. Thank you

Crime Data Comparison Essay Example

Crime Data Comparison Essay Example Crime Data Comparison Essay Crime Data Comparison Essay There are many different crimes that are reported daily and some crimes that are not reported at all. Without the proper reporting of crimes, it is hard for anyone to actually put together a data form to show all the proper crimes. In this paper, the individual will choose the crime forcible rape within the metropolitan areas of Abilene, Texas and Akron, Ohio. The individual will compare the occurrence of that offense in the selected areas, and identify the number of occurrences of the crime chosen that was known to the police for each area. This paper will also include answers to the following questions: 1) Which area had more reported incidents, 2) What were the rates of the crime for each area, 3) Did the rates change over time in either area, and 4) What factors might explain the difference in the rates? Forcible Rape The two metropolitan areas chosen were Abilene, TX and Akron, OH. In 2008, the Abilene’s population was 159,257 and only 95 forcible rapes were reported. This then gave the rate of the charge to be 59. 7 per every 100,000 inhabitants. By 2009, all the information had changed due to being a year later. Reports showed that in 2009, Abilene’s population was 159,632, only 357 people difference. The forcible rapes that had been reported were up to 134 with the rate being 83. 9 per every 100,000 inhabitants. As for Akron, in 2008 the population of that town was 699,914 and had reports showed that 265 people reported forcible rape. The rate per every 100,000 inhabitants were then at 40. 3. By 2009, Akron’s population was larger by 1,018 people, making the population to be 700,932. The reported forcible rapes for 2009 were then at 298 and the rate at 44. 4 for every 100,000 inhabitants. Rates are going to change over a period of time based on different factors. The different factors to be looked at are the towns and states at which this crime is being committed as well as the factor of the number of people living in that area. When the population increases, the number of crimes that are committed are going to be committed because you never know who is going to commit a crime. Crimes can come out of nowhere and of course who is committing the crimes. Bigger cities seem to have the most crimes due to the fact that there are more people to scan through to find the criminal. Then there is the factor of how many criminals are living in the area. Not all criminals are accounted for and are hard to determine who is one when they have never been convicted. In conclusion, when you are in a big town, everyone has to be careful as to what they do because you never know when you are going to run into someone or even if they could be the next victim of a crime. In order to keep criminals off of the street and from continuing to do crimes, is to report them to the proper law enforcers as soon as possible. This way proper evidence can be found and judgment can be made. When crimes are not reported right away, evidence that can be used to help find the criminal can be washed away and no longer able to find the criminal. Reference: Federal Bureau of Investigations. (2010). Uniform Crime Reports. Retrieved from fbi. gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/ucr

Extinct Political Parties of the 1800s

Extinct Political Parties of the 1800s The two major political parties of modern America can both trace their origins back to the 19th century. The longevity of the Democrats and Republicans appears quite remarkable when we consider that other parties existed alongside them in the 19th century before fading into history. The extinct political parties of the 1800s include organizations which were successful enough to put candidates in the White House. There were also others that were just doomed to inevitable obscurity. Some of them live on in political lore as oddities, or fads which are difficult to understand today. Yet many thousands of voters did take them seriously and they enjoyed a legitimate moment of glory before disappearing. Here is a listing of some significant political parties which  are no longer with us, in roughly chronological order: Federalist Party The Federalist Party is considered the first American political party. It advocated a strong national government, and prominent Federalists included John Adams and Alexander Hamilton. The Federalists did not build a sustaining party apparatus, and the partys defeat, when John Adams ran for a second term in the election of 1800, led to its decline. It essentially ceased to be a national party after 1816. The Federalists came under considerable criticism as they tended to oppose the War of 1812. Federalist involvement with the 1814  Hartford Convention, in which delegates suggested splitting New England states from the United States, essentially finished the party. (Jeffersonian) Republican Party The Jeffersonian Republican Party, which, of course, supported Thomas Jefferson in the election of 1800, was formed in opposition to the Federalists. The Jeffersonians tended to be more egalitarian than the Federalists. Following Jeffersons two terms in office, James Madison won the presidency on the Republican ticket in 1808 and 1812, followed by James Monroe in 1816 and 1820. The Jeffersonian Republican Party then faded away. The party was not a forerunner of the present day Republican Party. At times it was even called a name which seems contradictory today, the Democratic-Republican Party. National Republican Party The National Republican Party supported John Quincy Adams in his unsuccessful bid for reelection in 1828 (there had been no party designations in the election of 1824). The party also supported Henry Clay in 1832. The general theme of the National Republican Party was opposition to Andrew Jackson and his policies. The National Republicans generally joined the Whig Party in 1834. The National Republican Party was not a forerunner of the Republican Party, which formed in the mid-1850s. Incidentally, during the years of the John Quincy Adams administration, an adept political strategist from New York, future president Martin Van Buren, was organizing an opposition party. The party structure Van Buren created with the intent of making a coalition to elect Andrew Jackson in 1828 became the forerunner of todays Democratic Party. Anti-Masonic Party The Anti-Masonic Party formed in upstate New York in the late 1820s, following the mysterious death of a member of the Masonic order, William Morgan. It was believed that Morgan was killed before he could reveal secrets about the masons and their suspected influence in American politics. The party, while seemingly based on conspiracy theory, gained adherents. The Anti-Masonic Party actually held the first national political convention in America. Its convention in 1831 nominated William Wirt as its presidential candidate in 1832. Wirt was an odd choice, having once been a mason. While his candidacy was not successful, he did carry one state, Vermont, in the electoral college. Part of the appeal of the Anti-Masonic Party was its fiery opposition to Andrew Jackson, who happened to be a mason. The Anti-Masonic Party faded into obscurity by 1836 and its members drifted into the Whig Party, which also opposed the policies of Andrew Jackson. Whig Party The Whig Party was formed to oppose Andrew Jacksons policies and came together in 1834. The party took its name from a British political party which had opposed the king, as the American Whigs said they were opposing King Andrew. The Whig candidate in 1836, William Henry Harrison, lost to the Democrat Martin Van Buren. But Harrison, with his log cabin and hard cider campaign of 1840, won the presidency (though he would only serve for a month). The Whigs remained a major party throughout the 1840s, winning the White House again with Zachary Taylor in 1848. But the party splintered, mainly over the issue of slavery. Some Whigs joined the Know-Nothing Party, and others, most notably Abraham Lincoln, joined the new Republican party in the 1850s. Liberty Party The Liberty Party was organized in 1839 by anti-slavery activists who wanted to take the abolitionist movement and make it a political movement. As most leading abolitionists were adamant about being outside politics, this was a novel concept. The party ran a presidential ticket in 1840 and 1844, with James G. Birney, a former slaveholder from Kentucky as their candidate. The Liberty Party drew meager numbers, garnering only two percent of the popular vote in 1844. It has been speculated that the Liberty Party was responsible for splitting the anti-slavery vote in New York state in 1844, thereby denying the states electoral vote to Henry Clay, the Whig candidate and assuring the election of the slave-owning James Knox Polk. But that assumes Clay would have drawn all the votes cast for the Liberty Party. Free Soil Party The Free Soil Party came into being in 1848 and was organized to oppose the spread of slavery. The partys candidate for president in 1848 was former president Martin Van Buren. Zachary Taylor of the Whig Party won the 1848 presidential election, but the FreeSoil Party did elect two senators and 14 members of the House of Representatives. The motto of the Free Soil Party was Free Soil, Free Speech, Free Labor and Free Men. After Van Burens defeat in 1848, the party faded and members were eventually absorbed into the Republican Party when it formed in the 1850s. The Know-Nothing Party The Know-Nothing Party emerged in the late 1840s as a reaction to immigration to America. After some success in local elections with campaigns rife with bigotry, former president Millard Fillmore ran as the Know-Nothing candidate for president in 1856. Fillmores campaign was a disaster and the party soon dissolved. Greenback Party The Greenback Party was organized at a national convention held in Cleveland, Ohio in 1875. The formation of the party was prompted by difficult economic decisions, and the party advocated the issuing of paper money not backed by gold. Farmers and workers were the partys natural constituency. The Greenbacks ran presidential candidates in 1876, 1880, and 1884, all of whom were unsuccessful. When economic conditions improved, the Greenback Party faded into history.

Private Equity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Private Equity - Essay Example This process normally involves substantial borrowings and is therefore described as Leveraged buyouts (LBO). Another term which is normally used is â€Å"taken private† which relates to a buyout of a public company and in the process removing it from the stock exchange listing, and therefore transforming it into a private firm (Fraser-Sampson, 2007). Public companies are normally taken private because they have the potential of providing substantial cash flows to investors as the shares are currently undervalued on the stock market. The managers see the potential of â€Å"significantly boosting the firm’s value under private ownership† (Brigham and Ehrhardt 2005, p. 664). This means that companies taken private have the potential of enriching not only the managers who take part in the buyout but the public shareholders who are often offered prices higher than the going market price to sell their shares. Sometimes these shareholders resist but in the end they have to sell their shares because the buyers have enough of the company’s shares to sufficiently influence the takeover of the public company. A large number of public companies have been taken private over the years. A list of some of these companies is provided in Appendix 1 and 2. This list is by no means exhaustive but gives an indication as to the level of activities taking place as it relates to these types of transactions. Arguments for and against public to private transactions A number of arguments have been levelled against public to private transactions. However, there have also been several arguments in its favour. According to Becky (2002, Private vs. Public †¦) â€Å"†¦ in the 1980s a lot of public companies were taken private through a process called a leveraged buyout. That trend may have benefited the entire economy by making the companies a good deal more efficient.† Arguments against public to private transactions Opponents to public companies being taken over by private equity have levelled a number of criticisms against these types of transactions. They believe that some of these private equity managers actually buy public companies, reduce employees, strip the companies of assets and then sell them in secondary buy-out deals. Some also indicate that they are allowed to set off interest payments against income and in the process paying less tax. According to Wiley (2007, p.79) â€Å"some countries are pursuing tougher and tighter ‘thin equity’ tax rules under which it can be difficult to make loan interest fully deductible.† Adding value by increasing earnings multiple Some of the opponents of these types of transactions have indicated that there are many ways the managers of public companies could add value to the company instead of allowing them to go private. These include taking out loans instead of issuing more shares which would be favourable to shareholders as they would see their earnings per share increase. These companies would also pay less tax because the interest on these loans is tax deductible. Increasing the cash flow of the Company Cash flow can be improved through proper management of public companies. There is normally unpredictability in the levels of cash flow in public companies that have been taken private and which therefore need to make regular interest payments. Debt added to private company These purchases normally take place with the use of large amounts of debt, referred to as leveraged